肾静脉造影照片

定义

A renal venogram is a test to look at the veins in the kidney. 它使用 x射线 and a special dye (called contrast).

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation like light, 但是能量更高, so they can move through the body to form an image. Structures that are dense (such as bone) will appear white and air will be black. Other structures will be shades of gray.

Veins are not normally seen in an x-ray. That is why the special dye is needed. The dye highlights the veins so they show up better on x射线.

选择的名字

Venogram - renal; 静脉造影术; Venogram - kidney

如何执行测试

This test is done in a health care facility with special equipment. You will lie on an x-ray table. Local anesthetic is used to numb the area where the dye is injected. You may ask for a calming medicine (sedative) if you are anxious about the test.

The health care provider places a needle into a vein, 最常见的是在腹股沟, 但偶尔会打在脖子上. 下一个, 柔性管, called a catheter (which is the width of the tip of a pen), is inserted into the groin and moved through the vein until it reaches the vein in the kidney. A blood sample may be taken from each kidney. The contrast dye flows through this tube. X-rays are taken as the dye moves through the kidney veins.

This procedure is monitored by fluoroscopy, a type of x-ray that creates images on a TV screen.

Once the images are taken, the catheter is removed and a bandage is placed over the wound.

如何准备考试

You will be told to avoid food and drinks for about 6 hours before the test. Your provider may tell you to stop taking aspirin or other blood thinners before the test. DO NOT stop taking any medicine without first talking to your provider.

You will be asked to wear hospital clothing and to sign a consent form for the procedure. You will need to remove any jewelry from the area that is being studied.

如果您:

• 怀孕
• Have allergies to any medicine, contrast dye, or 碘
• Have a history of bleeding problems

考试的感觉如何

You will lie flat on the x-ray table. There is often a cushion, but it is not as comfortable as a bed. You may feel a sting when the local anesthesia medicine is given. 你不会感到染色. You may feel some pressure and discomfort as the catheter is positioned. You may feel symptoms, such as flushing, when the dye is injected.

There may be mild tenderness and bruising at the site where the catheter was placed.

为什么要进行测试

This test is not done very often anymore. It has largely been replaced by CT scan and MRI. In the past, the test was used to measure levels of kidney hormones.

Rarely, the test may be used to detect 血凝块, 肿瘤静脉问题. Its most common use today is as part of an exam to treat 静脉曲张 睾丸的睾丸或卵巢的.

正常的结果

There should not be any clots or 肿瘤 in the kidney vein. The dye should flow quickly through the vein and not back up to the testes or ovaries.

异常结果意味着什么

Abnormal results may be due to:

• Blood clot that partially or completely blocks the vein
• 肾肿瘤
• 静脉问题

风险

风险 from this test may include:

• Allergic reaction to the contrast dye
• 出血
• 血凝块
• 静脉损伤

There is low-level radiation exposure. 然而, most experts feel that the risk of most x射线 is smaller than other risks we take every day. Pregnant women and children are more sensitive to the risks of the x-ray.

参考文献

Perico N, Remuzzi A, Remuzzi G. Pathophysiology of proteinuria. In: Yu ASL, Chertow GM, Luyckx VA, Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Taal MW, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 11日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 30.

Pin RH, Ayad MT, Gillespie D. 静脉造影术. 见:Sidawy AN, Perler BA编. Rutherford's Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy. 9日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 26.

Wymer DTG, Wymer DC. 成像. In: Feehally J, Floege J, Tonelli M, Johnson RJ, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 6日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 5.